表现为黏膜的粘附性白色损害，系口腔或过渡上皮（如唇、阴茎）的复层鳞状上皮角化过度或异常角化所致。
3.3.1 黏膜白斑
定义
病因和发病机理
分外因和内因，外因包括化学性（如烟草）或机械性（如牙齿异常、牙托）的刺激，内因主要是遗传因素。
症状
无症状性白色斑块。
部位
口腔的任何部位，尤其以颊或舌下黏膜，也可见于外阴或肛门黏膜。
实验室检查
无明显异常。
组织病理
伴或不伴不典型的上皮增生。
病程
慢性，可能发展为癌。
诊断
主要依据临床特点。如果损害持续或呈侵润性，则须做组织病理检查。
鉴别诊断
治疗
临床随访，避免刺激，可口服维甲酸或手术切除。
Tests
- 65-year-old man with alcohol and nicotine abuse has had dentures for 10 years. What are the differential diagnostic considerations for the lesion shown?
- A 32-year-old women with multiple substance abuse problems consults you about white lesions on the side of her tongue that she can't brush off. What disease should you suspect?
- Statement 1 Oral leukoplakia must always be biopsied
- Statement 1 Every leukokeratotic lesion of the oral cavity which cannot be easily removed with a tongue blade must be biopsied
- This 30-year-old man consults you for intensely pruritic papules on the flexor surface of the wrist and on the ankle. At the same time, you find these white lesions in his mouth. Your diagnosis?
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